Tinjauan atas Monkeypox

Authors

  • Aditya Yudha Pratama Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
  • Riany Jade Sabrina Toisuta Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
  • Jovy Yudha Tamba Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v50i2.519

Keywords:

Monkeypox, penyakit menular, wabah

Abstract

Infeksi virus monkeypox (virus MPX) atau dikenal sebagai penyakit cacar monyet merupakan infeksi zoonosis endemik. Virus MPX termasuk dalam genus Orthopoxvirus, DNA beruntai ganda yang diidentifikasi pertama kali pada tahun 1970, dan menjadi penyakit endemik di Afrika Tengah dan Barat. Transmisi virus dapat melalui kontak langsung dan tidak langsung. Pada awal tahun 2022, virus MPX telah tersebar keluar dari negara-negara Afrika. Tanda dan gejala menyerupai penyakit smallpox. Belum ada tata laksana khusus untuk infeksi MPX, antivirus dapat bermanfaat bagi pasien dengan gejala klinis berat dan kondisi khusus. Vaksinasi smallpox terbukti memberikan perlindungan sebesar 85%, namun vaksinasi sudah berhenti pada tahun 1980 karena telah tercapai eradikasi. Peran berbagai sektor sangat dibutuhkan untuk mencegah pergeseran status infeksi MPX dari endemik menjadi epidemik.

Monkeypox virus infection (MPX virus) is a zoonotic and endemic disease. MPX virus which belongs to Orthopoxvirus genus, a double-stranded DNA virus was first identified in 1970, and is endemic in Central and West Africa. The viruses can be transmitted through direct and indirect contact. By the early 2022, the MPX virus had spread beyond African countries. The signs and symptoms are similar to smallpox disease. There is no specific treatment for MPX virus infection. However, antiviral drugs may be beneficial for patients with severe clinical symptoms and specific conditions. Smallpox vaccination is proven to provide 85% protection, but the vaccination has been stopped after smallpox eradication by the year 1980. The role of various sectors is urgently needed to prevent a shift in MPX infection status from endemic to epidemic.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Farahat RA, Abdelaal A, Shah J, Ghozy S, Sah R, Bonilla-Aldana DK, et al. Monkeypox outbreaks during COVID-19 pandemic: Are we looking at an independentphenomenon or an overlapping pandemic? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022;21(1):26.

Monkeypox – Democratic Republic of the Congo [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 24]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreaknews/item/monkeypox-democratic-republic-of-the-congo

Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 16, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2022. p. e0010141. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141

Ogoina D, Izibewule JH, Ogunleye A, Ederiane E, Anebonam U, Neni A, et al. The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria—Report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2019:e0214229. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214229

Guarner J, Del Rio C, Malani PN. Monkeypox in 2022-What clinicians need to know. JAMA. 2022;328(2):139–40.

Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: Situation update [Internet]. 2022 Jun 10 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseaseoutbreak-news/item/2022-DON392

Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries — April–June 2022. NEJM [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2207323

Hill B. The 2022 multinational monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. British Journal of Nursing [Internet]. 2022:664–5. Available from: https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjon.2022.31.12.664

Ola P. The origin of the mysterious multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries [Internet]. 2022 Jun 03. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.22541/au.165426607.74780750/v1

Fahrni ML, Priyanka, Sharma A, Choudhary OP. Monkeypox: Prioritizing public health through early intervention and treatment. Int J Surg. 2022;104:106774.

Cheema AY, Ogedegbe OJ, Munir M, Alugba G, Ojo TK. Monkeypox: A review of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Jul 11. Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/102530-monkeypox-a-review-of-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment

Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, Forthal DN, Rizk Y. Prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs [Internet]. 2022:957–63. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-022-01742-y

Monkeypox – Democratic Republic of the Congo [Internet]. 2020 Oct 01 [cited 2022 Aug 24]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreaknews/item/monkeypox-democratic-republic-of-the-congo

Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: Infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses [Internet]. 2020 Nov 5;12(11). Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/11/1257

Pal M, Mengstie F, Kandi V. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of monkeypox disease: A comprehensive review. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. 2017;5(2):94–9.

Gong Q, Wang C, Chuai X, Chiu S. Monkeypox virus: A re-emergent threat to humans. Virol Sin [Internet]. 2022 Jul 9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995820X22001201?via%3Dihub

Multistate outbreak of monkeypox --- Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, 2003 [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2022 Aug 24]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5223a1.htm

Preparedness for a monkeypox outbreak. Infectious Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Jul 19 [cited 2022 Aug 24]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2022.07.001

Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: Situation update [Internet]. [cited 2022 Aug 24]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON392

Kasus Monkeypox pertama di Indonesia. Sehat negeriku Kemenkes RI [Internet]. 2022 Aug 20 [cited 2022 Aug 25]. Available from: https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20220820/3140968/kasus-monkeypox-pertama-di-indonesia-terkonfirmasi-2/.

Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, et al. Introduction of monkeypox into a community and household: Risk factors and zoonotic reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(2):410–5.

Moore MJ, Rathish B, Zahra F. Monkeypox. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.

Kaler J, Hussain A, Flores G, Kheiri S, Desrosiers D. Monkeypox: A comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation. Cureus 2022;14(7):e26531.

Saijo M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Nagata N, Iwata N, Hasegawa H, et al. Virulence and pathophysiology of the Congo Basin and West African strains of monkeypox virus in non-human primates. J Gen Virol. 2009;90(Pt 9):2266–71.

Hraib M, Jouni S, Albitar MM, Alaidi S, Alshehabi Z. The outbreak of monkeypox 2022: An overview. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;79:104069.

Monkeypox: Case definitions [Internet]. GOV.UK. [cited 2022 Aug 25]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monkeypox-case-definitions

Monkeypox outbreak toolbox [Internet]. [cited 2022 Aug 25]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/outbreak-toolkit/disease-outbreak-toolboxes/monkeypox-outbreak-toolbox#:~:text=WHO%20suggested%20outbreak%20case%20definition,or%20more%20acute%20skin%20lesions

Baker RO, Bray M, Huggins JW. Potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. Antiviral Res. 2003 Jan;57(1-2):13–23.

Dashraath P, Nielsen-Saines K, Mattar C, Musso D, Tambyah P, Baud D. Guidelines for pregnant individuals with monkeypox virus exposure. Lancet 2022;400(10345):21–2.

Petersen E, Abubakar I, Ihekweazu C, Heymann D, Ntoumi F, Blumberg L, et al. Monkeypox - Enhancing public health preparedness for an emerging lethal human zoonotic epidemic threat in the wake of the smallpox post-eradication era. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;78:78–84.

Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(37):16262–7.

Monkeypox vaccines [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html

Downloads

Published

01-02-2023

How to Cite

Pratama, A. Y., Toisuta, R. J. S., & Tamba, J. Y. (2023). Tinjauan atas Monkeypox. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 50(2), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v50i2.519